An honor code or honor system is a set of rules or principles governing a community In biological terms, a community is a group of interacting organisms sharing an environment. In human communities, intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, risks, and a number of other conditions may be present and common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness based on a set of rules or ideals An ideal is a principle or value that one actively pursues as a goal. Ideals are particularly important in ethics, as the order in which one places them tends to determine the degree to which one reveals them as real and sincere. It is the application, in ethics, of a universal. It is roughly similar to the relative intrinsic values that define what constitutes honorable Honour or Honor , (from the Latin word honos, honoris) is the evaluation of a person's trustworthiness and social status based on that individual's espousals and actions. Honour is deemed exactly what determines a person's character: whether or not the person reflects honesty, respect, integrity, or fairness. Accordingly, individuals are assigned behavior within that community. The use of an honor code depends on the idea that people (at least within the community) can be trusted Trust is a relationship of reliance. A trusted party is presumed to seek to fulfill policies, ethical codes, law and their previous promises to act honorably. Those who are in violation of the honor code can be subject to various sanctions Sanctions are penalties or other means of enforcement used to provide incentives for obedience with the law, or with rules and regulations. Criminal sanctions can take the form of serious punishment, such as capital punishment, prison time, or severe fines. Within the civil law context, sanctions are usually monetary fines, levied against a party, including expulsion from the institution. Honor codes are most commonly used in the United States to deter academic dishonesty Academic dishonesty or academic misconduct is any type of cheating that occurs in relation to a formal academic exercise. It can include.

Academic honor codes

In America, the first student-policed honor system was instituted in 1779 Year 1779 was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar) at The College of William & Mary The College of William & Mary in Virginia is a public research university located in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. Founded in 1693 by a Royal Charter issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States at the behest of Virginia's then-Governor Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States (1801–1809), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States. Major events during his presidency include the Louisiana Purchase (1803) and the Lewis. ^[1] Jefferson, who graduated from William & Mary The College of William & Mary in Virginia is a public research university located in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. Founded in 1693 by a Royal Charter issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States with honors in 1762, inked a basic honor system for his alma mater Alma mater (pronounced 'ælmə 'meɪtə in British English; usu. 'ɔlmə 'maːɾər in American English) is Latin for "nourishing mother". It was used in ancient Rome as a title for various mother goddesses, and in Medieval Christianity for the Virgin Mary. In modern times it is used to refer to the university or college a person.

Jefferson later envisioned a similar honor system for his University of Virginia The University of Virginia is a public research university located in Charlottesville, Virginia, founded by Thomas Jefferson. Conceived by 1800 and established in 1819, it is the only university in the United States to be designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, an honor it shares with nearby Monticello; it was at first based on strict laws limiting student behavior, but later based on student self-government. However, he never lived to see it in practice there. UVA's early years were marked by contentious relations between students and the faculty, which culminated on November 12, 1840, when John Davis, a professor, was shot to death in an attempt to quell a disturbance on The Lawn The Lawn is a large, terraced grassy court at the historic center of Jefferson's academic community at the University of Virginia. The design shows Jefferson's mastery of Palladian architecture, and can be compared to some of Palladio's designs, eg the Villa Trissino. Davis refused to identify his assailant, stating that an honorable man would step forward on his own. On July 4, 1842, College of William and Mary The College of William & Mary in Virginia is a public research university located in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. Founded in 1693 by a Royal Charter issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States alumnus Henry St. George Tucker Henry St. George Tucker, Sr. was a Virginia jurist, law professor, and U.S. Congressman (1815-1819), who had replaced Davis on the faculty, proposed that in the future, students sign examinations in the form "I, A.B., do hereby certify on my honor that I have derived no assistance during the time of this examination from any source whatsoever."^[2] The idea succeeded with the students. The wording of the honor pledge has changed over time, and the definition of what constitutes an honor offense has evolved as well, at times including matters such as smoking, cheating at card games or insulting ladies.^[3] As of 2006 2006 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, an honor offense is defined as an act of lying, cheating, or stealing, performed intentionally, of sufficient gravity such that open toleration of the act would impair the community of trust sufficiently enough to warrant expulsion of the offender. Despite the evolution of the system over the years, UVA's Honor System is rare in that it is administered entirely by the University's students.^[4] Princeton has also maintained an entirely student-run Honor Code since the beginning of their Code in 1893.

However, Jefferson's vision of a student self-governed system remains largely unrealized at other universities. Most schools adopting honor codes limit their application to the academic realm. More comprehensive systems -- not unlike Haverford's and Davidson Davidson College is a private liberal arts college in Davidson, North Carolina. Both the town and college were named after Brigadier General William Lee Davidson, a Revolutionary War commander. The land for the college came from General Davidson's estate, a large portion of which was donated by his son's-- where students ratify and enforce social and academic codes, are rare.

Today, some of the most notable and most stringent honor codes exist at the U.S. federal military academies--the U.S. Naval Academy The United States Naval Academy is an undergraduate college in Annapolis, Maryland, United States, that educates and commissions officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps. The Academy often is referred to simply as "Annapolis". It is also called "The Academy", "The Boat School", or "Canoe U", the U.S. Military Academy The United States Military Academy at West Point is a four-year coeducational federal service academy located at West Point, New York. Established in 1802, USMA is the oldest of the United States's five service academies. The military garrison at West Point was occupied in 1778 and played a key role in the Revolutionary War. The academy sits on (see Cadet Honor Code), the U.S. Air Force Academy The United States Air Force Academy , is an accredited college for the undergraduate education of commissioned officers for the United States Air Force. Its campus is located immediately north of Colorado Springs in El Paso County, Colorado, United States. The Academy's stated mission is "to educate, train, and inspire men and women to become, and the United States Coast Guard Academy The United States Coast Guard Academy is the military academy of the United States Coast Guard. Located in New London, Connecticut, it is one of the five federal service academies. The academy provides education to future Coast Guard officers. Cadets graduate with one of eight majors and are obligated to five years of service upon graduation. The military academy honor codes not only govern the cadets' Officer Cadet is a rank held by military cadets during their training to become commissioned officers. The term Officer Trainee is used interchangeably in some countries. Some countries refer to naval officer cadets as midshipmen, although in other countries this means something slightly different and mid-shipmen's A midshipman is an officer cadet, or alternatively a commissioned officer of the lowest rank, in the Royal Navy, United States Navy, and many Commonwealth navies lives at the academies, but are deemed essential to the development of military officers who are worthy of the public trust. As such, the codes are not limited merely to academic situations or to conduct on campus; cadets and midshipmen are expected to live by the codes' ethical standards at all times. Furthermore, they may not tolerate violations by other cadets-toleration itself being a violation of the code, with the exception of the Honor Concept of the Brigade of Midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy, which allows the observer of an honor violation to confront the accused without formally reporting. It was found that this method was more constructive at developing the honor of midshipmen as opposed to a non-toleration clause, which created enemies of classmates and ones true honor, if other than utmost, was not able to be formally remediated when hidden from public view. Under the academies' honor codes, violation of the code is generally dealt with by forwarding the offender for separation, depending on the nature of the offense and how far along in their training at the academy the accused is.^[5]

Another school with a very strict honor code is Brigham Young University Brigham Young University , located in Provo, Utah, United States, is a private, coeducational research university owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS or Mormon Church). It is the oldest existing institution within the LDS Church Educational System, is America's largest religious university, and has the second-largest. The university not only mandates honest behavior, but incorporates various aspects of virtuous living: drinking, smoking, drug use, and premarital sex are all banned. Also, the code includes standards for dress and grooming. Men must be clean shaven and men and women cannot wear short shorts or other revealing clothing.^[6]

Enforcement of honor codes differs from campus to campus as well. UVA opts for a student-run honor code which involves student input and is generally limited to academic concerns. Haverford College Haverford College is a private, coeducational liberal arts college located in Haverford, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia holds an honor code which is ratified (or not) by students yearly and run by an elected body, Honor Council. This code is concerned with an academic as well as a social component, demanding equal respect among students, in contrast to the military academies' focus on hierarchy. Davidson College Davidson College is a private liberal arts college in Davidson, North Carolina. Both the town and college were named after Brigadier General William Lee Davidson, a Revolutionary War commander. The land for the college came from General Davidson's estate, a large portion of which was donated by his son also holds a dual honor code. An urban legend An urban legend, urban myth, or urban tale is a form of modern folklore consisting of stories thought to be factual by those circulating them. The term is often used to mean something akin to an "apocryphal story." Like all folklore, urban legends are not necessarily false, but they are often distorted, exaggerated, or sensationalized surrounds the Davidson code stating that a student was put on trial for not reporting an extra can of soda dispensed by a vending machine. Princeton University Princeton University a private university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League and is considered one of the Colonial Colleges has maintained a student-run Honor Code for over one hundred years, unique in that regard among Ivy League schools. Vanderbilt University Vanderbilt University is a private research university in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. Founded in 1873, the university is named for shipping and rail magnate "Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt, who provided Vanderbilt its initial $1 million endowment despite having never been to the South. The Commodore hoped that his gift and the has also been governed by an Honor Code since its founding. Freshmen students attend an honor code ceremony to protect the traditions and academic integrity of the university. A plaque of the honor code is engraved in the student life center with a quote by once-Chancellor Madison Sarratt, "Today I give you two examinations, one in trigonometry Trigonometry (from Greek trigōnon "triangle" + metron "measure") is a branch of mathematics that deals with triangles, particularly those plane triangles in which one angle has 90 degrees (right triangles). Trigonometry deals with relationships between the sides and the angles of triangles and with the trigonometric functions, and one in honesty Honesty is speaking truth and creating trust in minds of others. This includes all varieties of communication, both verbal and non-verbal. Honesty implies a lack of deceit. A statement can be strictly true and still be dishonest if the intention of the statement is to deceive its audience. Similarly, a falsehood can be spoken honestly if the. I hope you pass them both, but if you must fail one, let it be trigonometry for there are many good men in this world today who cannot pass an examination in trigonometry, but there are no good men in the world who cannot pass an examination in honesty." The University of Texas School of Law The University of Texas School of Law is an ABA-certified American law school located on the University of Texas at Austin campus. The law school has been in existence since the founding of the University in 1883. It was one of only two schools at the University when it was founded; the other was the liberal arts school. The school offers both sets its Honor Code as a first step in the obligation of its students to the legal profession: "All law students are harmed by unethical behavior by any student. A student who deals dishonestly with fellow law students may be dishonest in the future and harm both future clients and the legal profession."^[7] In keeping with this approach the honor code in the grand scheme of the legal profession, honor code violations are reported to the State Bar of Texas and the violator's home state bar, thus creating an impediment to licensure. Texas Law is unique in that regard.

Sample Honor Pledges

• "Pledge, no aid, no violations." - Wesleyan University Wesleyan University is a private liberal arts college founded in 1831 and located in Middletown, Connecticut. Founded under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church and with the support of prominent residents of Middletown, the now secular university was the first institution of higher education to be named after John Wesley, the Protestant
• "A Cadet will not lie, cheat, or steal, nor tolerate those who do." - United States Military Academy The United States Military Academy at West Point is a four-year coeducational federal service academy located at West Point, New York. Established in 1802, USMA is the oldest of the United States's five service academies. The military garrison at West Point was occupied in 1778 and played a key role in the Revolutionary War. The academy sits on
• "We will not lie, steal or cheat, nor tolerate among us anyone who does." - United States Air Force Academy The United States Air Force Academy , is an accredited college for the undergraduate education of commissioned officers for the United States Air Force. Its campus is located immediately north of Colorado Springs in El Paso County, Colorado, United States. The Academy's stated mission is "to educate, train, and inspire men and women to become and Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps The Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps is one of the three commissioning sources for officers in the United States Air Force, the other two being the Air Force Academy and Officer Training School. It is the largest and oldest source of commissioned officers for the Air Force. AFROTC's mission is to produce quality leaders for the Air Force
• "On my honor I have neither given nor received any unauthorized aid on this (exam, test, paper)." - Rice University William Marsh Rice University is a private coeducational research university located in Houston, Texas, United States. Its campus is located near the Houston Museum District and adjacent to the Texas Medical Center
• "Under code of honor, I certify when completing this work I did not give nor receive any type of help, outside the specified by the professor." - Tecnológico de Monterrey The Institute was founded on 6 September 1943 by a group of local businessmen led by Eugenio Garza Sada, a moneyed heir of a brewing conglomerate who was interested in creating an institution that could provide highly skilled personnel — both university graduates and technicians— to the booming Monterrey corporations of the 1940s. The group
• "I pledge my honor that I have neither given or received aid on this test or paper." - Charlotte Catholic High School

• "As a Member of the William & Mary community I pledge, on my Honor, not to lie, cheat, or steal in either my academic or personal life. I understand that such acts violate the Honor Code and undermine the community of trust of which we are all stewards." - The College of William and Mary The College of William & Mary in Virginia is a public research university located in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. Founded in 1693 by a Royal Charter issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States
• "On my honor as a student, I have neither given nor received aid on this assignment/exam." - University of Virginia The University of Virginia is a public research university located in Charlottesville, Virginia, founded by Thomas Jefferson. Conceived by 1800 and established in 1819, it is the only university in the United States to be designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, an honor it shares with nearby Monticello
• "I pledge my honor that I have not violated the honor code during this examination." - Princeton University Princeton University a private university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League and is considered one of the Colonial Colleges [1]
• "I have neither given or received nor have I tolerated others' use of unauthorized aid." - Valparaiso University Valparaiso University, known colloquially as Valpo, is a private university located in the city of Valparaiso in the U.S. state of Indiana. Founded in 1859, it consists of five undergraduate colleges, a graduate school, and a law school. Valparaiso University is owned and operated by the Lutheran University Association, a non-profit corporation, [2]
• "No member of the Caltech community shall take unfair advantage of any other member of the Caltech community." - California Institute of Technology The California Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Pasadena, California, United States. The Institute maintains a strong emphasis on the natural sciences and engineering, and operates and manages NASA's neighboring Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Caltech is a small school, with only about 2100 students (about 900
• "On my honor as a University of Colorado student, I have neither given nor received unauthorized assistance." - University of Colorado The University of Colorado System is a system of public universities in Colorado consisting of three campuses: University of Colorado at Boulder, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, and University of Colorado at Denver. It is governed by an elected, nine-member Board of Regents of the University of Colorado
• "I Pledge that I have neither received nor given unauthorized assistance during the completion of this work." - University of Richmond The University of Richmond is a private, nonsectarian, liberal arts university located on the border of the city of Richmond and Henrico County, Virginia. The University of Richmond is a primarily undergraduate, residential university with approximately 4,000 undergraduate and graduate students in five schools: the School of Arts and Sciences, the
• The Hampden-Sydney student will not lie, cheat, or steal, nor tolerate those who do. - Hampden-Sydney College Hampden-Sydney College is a liberal arts college for men located in Hampden-Sydney, Virginia. Founded in 1775, Hampden-Sydney is the oldest private charter in the South, as well as the 17th oldest institution of higher education and one of only three four-year, all-men's liberal arts colleges in the United States
• On my honor, I have not given, nor received, nor witnessed any unauthorized assistance on this work. - Rollins College Rollins College is a liberal arts college located in Winter Park, Florida, United States, a suburb of Orlando, Florida. Its current president is Lewis Duncan. Rollins College is situated on the south side of downtown Winter Park, along the shores of Lake Virginia [3]
• I affirm that I will uphold the highest principles of honesty and integrity in all my endeavors at Gettysburg College and foster an atmosphere of mutual respect within and beyond the classroom. - Gettysburg College Gettysburg College is a private national four-year liberal arts college founded in 1832, in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, adjacent to the famous battlefield. Its athletic teams are nicknamed the Bullets. Gettysburg College has about 2,600 students, with roughly equal numbers of men and women. Gettysburg students come from 40 states and 35 countries
• On all my work, my name affirms my Honor. - Harvard-Westlake School Harvard-Westlake School is an independent, co-educational university preparatory day school consisting of two campuses located in Los Angeles, California, United States with approximately 1,600 students enrolled in grades 7 through 12. The school, which has its campuses in Holmby Hills and North Hollywood, is known for its strong academic program,
• On my honor, as a student, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this academic work. - Kansas State University Kansas State University, officially named Kansas State University of Agriculture and Applied Science but commonly shortened to K-State, is an institution of higher learning located in Manhattan, Kansas, in the United States. The university had an official spring enrollment of 21,154 students for the 2008–2009 school year
• I pledge to uphold the principles of honesty and responsibility at our University. - Texas State University-San Marcos

References

1. ^ Patricia R. Olsen (Published: January 6, 2008). "And Out of the Corner of My Eye... - New York Times". Nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/06/education/edlife/notebook.html?scp=1&sq=college%20of%20william%20and%20mary&st=nyt. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
2. ^ Smith, C. Alphonso (November 29, 1936), "'I Certify On My Honor--' The Real Story of How the Famed 'Honor System' at University of Virginia Functions and What Matriculating Students Should Know About It", Richmond Times Dispatch, http://richmondthenandnow.com/Newspaper-Articles/Honor-System.html
3. ^ Barefoot, Coy (Spring, 2008). "The Evolution of Honor: Enduring Principle, Changing Times". The University of Virginia Magazine (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Alumni Assn.) 97 (1): 22–27. http://www.uvamagazine.org/site/c.esJNK1PIJrH/b.3888025/. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
4. ^ "The Honor Committee" (html). University of Virginia. http://www.virginia.edu/honor/index.html. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
5. ^ "DoD Directive 1332.23, "Service Academy Disenrollment", February 19, 1988". Defense Technical Information Center. http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/html/133223.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
6. ^ "Honor Code Statement" (html). Honor Code Office. Brigham Young University. http://honorcode.byu.edu/content/view/3585/4643/. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
7. ^ "School of Law Honor Code" (html). Office of the Registrar. University of Texas. http://www.utexas.edu/student/registrar/catalogs/law06-08/ch3/ch3a.html#School.of.Law.Honor.Code. Retrieved 2008-03-05.

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